The Truth About Drugs Booklets / The Truth About Synthetic Drugs
The Truth About Synthetic Drugs
What is a Synthetic Drug?
Synthetic drugs are created using man-made chemicals rather than natural ingredients.
A number of synthetic drugs on the market, including Ecstasy, LSD and methamphetamine, are described in other booklets in The Truth About Drugs series. This booklet gives the facts about “synthetic marijuana” (Spice or K2), “synthetic stimulants” (Bath Salts) and a drug known as “N-bomb.” These are among the synthetic drugs known as “designer drugs.”
Designer Drugs — A Risky Experiment
To understand what synthetic marijuana and Bath Salts are, and how they came to exist, you have to know what a “designer drug” is. A designer drug is a synthetic (chemically made) version of an illegal drug that was slightly altered to avoid having it classified as illegal. It is essentially an experiment by a chemist done to create a new drug that can be sold legally (on the Internet or in stores), allowing dealers to make money without breaking the law. As law enforcement catches up with new chemicals that are so created and makes them illegal, manufacturers devise altered versions to steer clear of the law. So the cycle repeats.
Some of these drugs are sold over the Internet or in certain stores (as “herbal smoking blends”), while others are disguised as products labeled “not for human consumption” (such as “herbal incense,” “plant food,” “bath salts” or “jewelry cleaner”) to mask their intended purpose and avoid health and safety rules.
Due to the constantly growing number of chemicals that are developed, designer drug users have no way of knowing what the drugs they take might contain. Further, as a small modification made to a known drug may result—and often does—in a new drug with greatly different effects, users cannot predict the impact on health from the substances they experiment with.
In the United States, some 200 to 300 new designer drugs were identified between 2009 and 2014, most of them manufactured in China.1 More than 650 new designer drugs have flooded into Europe in the past ten years. Some contain chemicals that have still not been completely identified, and whose effects on the human body and mind are unknown.2
Synthetic Marijuana, Not a “Natural High”
Synthetic marijuana, most commonly known as Spice or K2, is a mixture of herbs and spices that are sprayed with a chemical with similarities to THC, the mind-altering ingredient found in marijuana.
Synthetic drugs such as Spice and K2 are often falsely advertised as “safe,” “natural” and “legal” highs. The truth is that they are technically not legal and are definitely not natural or safe.
Chemical analyses have shown that, in all cases, the active ingredients in these drugs are synthetic chemicals with dangerous toxic effects. Beyond that, because the chemical composition of products sold as Spice or K2 is unknown, users have no idea what chemicals they are putting into their bodies or what the effects will be. And, as herbs and spices can be sprayed unevenly, the potency can vary wildly.
Synthetic marijuana has the appearance of dried leaves and is often sold in small, silvery plastic bags as “herbal incense” or “potpourri.” It is also advertised in liquid form for use in vaporizers.
It is often smoked in rolled joints, pipes or e-cigarettes, and some users make it into a tea or use it in brownie recipes. It has also been taken in vaporized form through the nose or in liquid form.
Synthetic Marijuana Street Names
K2
Spice
Algerian blend
Aroma
Black Mamba
Blaze
Bliss
Bombay Blue
Bonsai-18
Chaos
Chill
Dream
Fake pot
Fake weed
Genie
Lava
Mojo
Mr. Happy
Mr. Smiley
Phantom Wicked
Red X Dawn
Scooby Snacks
Sence
Sensation Serenity
Silent Black
Skunk
Smoke
Space Diamond
SpicyXXX
Spike 99
Tai Fun
Wicked X
Yucatan Fire
Zen
Statistics and Facts
Calls to poison control centers related to synthetic marijuana use increased in the United States by almost 80 percent between 2010 and 2012.3
A 2013 U.S. government report found the number of emergency department visits in 2011 involving toxic reactions to synthetic marijuana had increased 2.5 times, to 28,531.1
In 2014, “K2” from a Texas dealer was linked to 120 overdoses in Austin and Dallas in one week alone.
There have been numerous fatal car accidents documented involving people under the influence of synthetic marijuana:
While jogging, a 62-year-old man was struck by a 20-year-old man who tested positive for synthetic marijuana.
Another 20-year-old man smashed into a tree and died after smoking synthetic marijuana.
A brother and sister were killed when a garbage truck drove 500 feet across a highway divider at 55 mph and sliced off the roof of their vehicle. The driver of the truck admitted to using synthetic marijuana.
Synthetic Marijuana, Short-Term Effects
Effects on the Mind
Unresponsiveness
Loss of consciousness
Confusion
Altered time sense
Extreme anxiety
Panic attacks
Severe paranoia
Delusions
Hallucinations
Psychosis
Potential suicide
Some users under the influence of synthetic marijuana have been involved in homicides
Effects on the Body
Nausea and vomiting
Heavy sweating
Uncontrolled/spastic body movements
Acute kidney injury
Rapid heart rate
High blood pressure
Reduced blood supply to the heart
Heart attack
Convulsions
Seizures
Strokes
Synthetic Marijuana, Long-Term Effects
The long-term effects on humans are not fully known, but poison center experts report that effects of synthetic marijuana can be life-threatening.
It can be addictive and lead to withdrawal symptoms which include craving, nightmares, heavy sweating, nausea, tremors, headaches, extreme tiredness, insomnia, diarrhea, vomiting, problems thinking clearly and neglect of other interests or duties.
After repeated and long-term use of the drug, users can experience forgetfulness and confusion. Some users have reported experiencing paralysis.
The Wyoming Department of Health found 16 cases of kidney injury following use of the drug in six U.S. states.4
Violent and Irrational Behavior
In August 2013, a 21-year-old mother who was under the influence of Spice had thrown her four-year-old into a trash bin and when arrested by the police could not remember where her son was. Her child was later retrieved from the trash and taken by the police, who turned him over to Child Protective Services. The woman was charged with abandoning her child.
In January 2011, an Omaha teen shot two school administrators, killing one, before taking his own life. Medical tests revealed K2 in his system.
A 21-year-old Louisiana man slit his throat while high on K2 for the first time. Fortunately, his mother was able to control the bleeding until help arrived.
Synthetic Marijuana: A Short History
Synthetic marijuana, sold as “Spice,” first appeared in Europe in 2004 and in the U.S. in 2008. Chemicals used to make synthetic marijuana, however, were created for experimental purposes decades ago. These include:
CP 47,497, named after Charles Pfizer of Pfizer Pharmaceuticals, developed in the 1980s for scientific research.
HU-210, named after Hebrew University of Jerusalem where it was first developed in 1988. It is 100 to 800 times more potent than natural THC (the mind-altering ingredient in marijuana).5
JWH-018 and others in the JWH series, named after Prof. John W. Huffman of Clemson University in South Carolina, created in 1995.
In 2010, the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration used emergency powers to control these chemicals, and in 2012 a law was passed banning the substances found in synthetic marijuana.
Underground chemists then developed new experimental drugs, UR-144 and XLR11, that mimic the effects of marijuana, to replace those that had been banned. In 2013, UR-144 and XLR11 were made illegal, but by that time a new generation of synthetic marijuana had surfaced. The point is not whether these drugs are illegal. Studies show they are toxic and unsafe.
There are more than a hundred different varieties of synthetic “marijuana” that have been created so far. Because the chemical content is constantly changing, buyers never know what effects the drugs will have on the body.6
What Are Bath Salts?
Chemicals sold as “Bath Salts” are not bath salts used in a tub, but toxic drugs whose effects are unpredictable.
Many of the substances in these drugs were banned in the U.S. because of their harmful effects, and dealers use Bath Salts and other names to get around the law. They are also falsely advertised as “plant food,” “jewelry cleaner,” “phone screen cleaner,” and labeled “not for human consumption” to escape arrest by law enforcement.
Bath Salts don’t refer to any single drug, but rather a group of similar substances, chemically-made versions of a type of drug found in the Khat plant, an evergreen shrub from East Africa and southern Arabia. In the same way that Spice and K2 are referred to as synthetic marijuana, Bath Salts are referred to as synthetic stimulants. They can also cause hallucinations like that of LSD.
Bath Salts often contain a varied mix of chemicals, so even if the packaging looks the same, one never knows what the product actually contains. It is usually sold in powdered form in small plastic or foil packages. It can be white, off-white, yellow or brown and may also be sold in capsules or tablets, or in small jars in liquid form.
Users have reported snorting or injecting it, or mixing it with food or drink. This can include “bombing” it (swallowing it wrapped in cigarette paper), taking it rectally, inhaling it using a vaporizer or smoking it.
Bath Salts Street Names
Bath Salts manufacturers create many names for their products to attract as many customers as possible. Some of these names include:
Arctic Blast
Aura
Avalance or Avalanche
Bliss
Blizzard
Bloom
Blue Silk
Bolivian Bath
Cloud 9
Cotton Cloud
Drone
Dynamite or Dynamite Plus
Euphoria
Glow Stick
Hurricane Charlie
Ivory Snow
Ivory Wave or Ivory Wave Ultra
Lunar Wave
Mexxy
Mind Charge or Mino Charge
Monkey Dust
Mystic
Natural Energy Powder
Ocean Snow
Purple Wave
Quick Silver
Recharge
Red Dawn
Red Dove
Rock On
Rocky Mountain High
Route 69
Sandman Party Powder
Scarface
Sextasy
Shock Wave
Snow Day
Snow Leopard
Speed Freak Miracle
Stardust
Super Coke
Tranquility
UP Energizing or UP Supercharged
Vanilla Sky
White Burn
White China
White Dove
White Lightning
White Rush
White Sands
Wicked X or XX
Zoom
Bath Salts: Short-term Effects
There have been many instances of users experiencing violent, psychotic and life-threatening episodes after using “Bath Salts.”
Effects on the Mind
Uncontrollable craving for the drug
Insomnia
False euphoria rapidly evolving into paranoia
Nightmares
Depression
Severe agitation
Hallucinations and delusions
Self-harm
Suicidal thoughts or suicide
Psychosis
Violent behavior
Effects on the Body
Skin rash
Mephedrone stink (the person smells like mephedrone, a drug used in Bath Salts)
Skin-crawling sensation
Excessive sweating
High fever
Loss of appetite
Sexual dysfunction
Nosebleed and “nose burns”
Pain at the back of the mouth
Ringing or buzzing in the ears
Excessive grinding of teeth
Muscular cramping or tension
Numbness/tingling
Dizziness
Blurred vision
Rapid involuntary movement of the eyes
Nausea and vomiting
Chest pains and heart attacks
Headaches
Seizures
Brainstem herniation (increase of pressure inside the skull that can cause death)
Bath Salts: Long-term Effects
The harm caused by Bath Salts can be long-term and permanent, including:
Increased blood pressure and heart rate
Kidney damage and failure
Liver damage
Breakdown of skeletal muscle tissue (muscles that bring about the movement of the bones of the skeleton)
Brain swelling and brain death
Death
A 2013 study found that one of the main substances used in Bath Salts, known as MDPV (3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone), was highly addictive—possibly more so even than meth (methamphetamine), one of the most addictive drugs around.7
Bath Salts were linked to nearly 23,000 emergency department visits in the United States in 2011.8 Another study in the Midwestern United States found that more than 16 percent of patients sent to hospital emergency rooms due to Bath Salt abuse were in critical condition or died.9
The adverse effects of MDPV can last as many as six to eight hours after use; it has been reported to cause prolonged panic attacks, psychosis and deaths.
Bath Salts: A Short History
The drugs now known as Bath Salts were first synthesized (artificially created) in France in 1928 and 1929. Some were originally researched for potential medical use, but most of the drugs created were unsuccessful due to severe side effects, including dependency. Abuse of these drugs started in the former Soviet Union in the 1930s and 40s, where they were used as antidepressants. Also known as “Cat” and “Jeff,” they gained popularity in the United States in the 1990s.
Between 2004 and 2008, these drugs were used in Israel until the key ingredient was made illegal. By 2007, they had gained broader popularity among drug abusers when they began to appear on Internet drug forums.
“Ecstasy” pills analyzed in the Netherlands in 2009 found that over half the pills did not contain the primary drug that Ecstasy is associated with, but rather drugs found in Bath Salts.10
In 2012, two of the key drugs used in Bath Salts were made illegal in the U.S.11 However, underground chemists then created new variations with slightly different chemical formulas—and promoted them openly as Bath Salts, or repackaged them as “Glass Cleaner” or other names.
What is N-Bomb?
N-BOMe, commonly referred to as “N-bomb” or “Smiles,” is a powerful synthetic hallucinogen sold as an alternative to LSD or mescaline (a hallucinogenic drug made from a cactus plant). There are several variations of this drug, but 25I-NBOMe, often shortened to “25I,” is its most abused and potent form. Effects of only a tiny amount of the drug can last for up to 12 hours or longer.
N-bomb creates a hallucinogenic effect similar to LSD at extremely small dosages. Users report the negative effects and after-effects of the drug are worse than that of LSD. It also mimics the effects of methamphetamine.12
A dose of 750 micrograms, considered an average to high dose, is about the size of six small grains of regular table salt.
N-bomb is sold in liquid or powdered form or on soaked blotter paper. It has a strong bitter metallic taste, and some dealers add mint or fruit flavoring to the liquid and blotter varieties.
As N-bomb creates no effect if swallowed, users place it under their tongue, where it gets absorbed. Some users inject it, smoke the powdered form, breathe it through the nose, vaporize and inhale it, or insert it rectally. Any of these uses are dangerous as only a few grains produce an effect, and it is extremely easy to overdose—with sometimes fatal consequences.
N-bomb is so toxic that it requires a filter mask, gloves and glasses while handling it. This is also a problem for law enforcement officers, as they can get a fatal overdose simply by not wearing protective gear when collecting drug evidence from a suspect.
As N-bomb has been sold under names of other drugs, users may apply the dose of the drug they believe they are taking, which can result in a fatal overdose.
N-Bomb Street Names
25I
25C
25B
BOM-CI or Cimbi-5
Dime
GNOME
Legal Acid
N-bomb
New Nexus
Smiles
Solaris
N-Bomb Short-Term Effects
Effects on the Mind
Visual and auditory (relating to hearing) hallucinations
Confusion and disorientation
Scrambled communication
Aggression
Paranoia and panic
Agitation
Insomnia
Effects on the Body
Shaking
Nausea/vomiting
Fainting and loss of consciousness
Muscle spasms
Difficulty breathing
High white cell count
Rapid heart rate
High acid level in the body (potentially leading to coma and death)
Extremely high blood pressure
Extremely high fever
Seizures/involuntary flailing and thrashing
Kidney failure
Heart attack
Respiratory failure
Bleeding in the brain
N-Bomb Long-Term Effects
In some users, N-bomb causes persistent and severe anxiety and depression that may last for months or years. It shows up as visual hallucinations in the form of trailing colors, widely distorted visual images, and color flashes.
Use of N-bomb can also result in kidney failure or death.
One 18-year-old male user was hospitalized with seizures after his first-time use. Doctors were unable to stop the seizures, and he spent four days in a drug-induced coma.
An 18-year-old man in Minnesota bought a drug without knowing that he was actually purchasing 25I-NBOMe. He sold some to his “friends,” they took the drug together and one of the friends began “shaking, growling, foaming at the mouth” and smashing his head against the ground, according to witnesses. He ultimately passed out and died. The young buyer/dealer was charged with murder.
A 21-year-old man in St. Louis, Missouri, had a similar experience. After taking the drug, his limbs suddenly began to flail around and he started ripping accessories from the car he was riding in. He died shortly thereafter.
A Short History of N-Bomb
N-bomb was discovered in 2003 by chemist Ralf Heim at the Free University of Berlin, Germany. It was derived from a group of drugs called the 2C family of phenethylamines (PEA).
The 2C PEA, originally made in labs in the 1970s where scientists were studying brain activity on rats, produces hallucinations and mind-altering experiences similar to LSD.
Nine of the PEA drugs were made illegal in the U.S. in 2012, including the substance used to make N-bomb.13
Drug dealers produce various versions of N-bomb in secret laboratories or import them in bulk from China, India and other countries. Manufacturers vary the formula in attempts to get around the government bans, and users never know what they are taking or how potent it will be.
An estimated 19 deaths in two years have been linked to the drug in the U.S. alone.14
What Dealers On the Internet Will Tell You
Some of the biggest selling points used by dealers in their online false advertising are that their products are “natural” and “legal” and therefore “safe.”
Dealers have described Spice or K2 as the “trip of a lifetime,” “a fantastic high” and claimed the drug will “turn an ordinary evening into a blissful, exotic encounter.”
Websites promoting Bath Salts use marketing slogans such as:
“Get ready to feel like a newborn child.”
“Bath Salts will provide you with the energy you need for a long night of fun.”
N-bomb is also marketed on websites that make it appear safe and legal. Some sites try to pass as legitimate pharmacies or chemical distributors, claiming to get their drugs from “reputable laboratories” based in China, India and other countries.
Dealers or promoters will tell you “It’s absolutely amazing!”
“You’ll feel absolutely wonderful” and “It puts you into another realm.”
While this is slick marketing, it does not match the reality of the effects and consequences these drugs actually have.
Get the facts about synthetic drugs. Make your own decisions.
The Truth About Drugs
The number of drugs available continues to grow. Because there are no official controls over the manufacturing of street drugs, it is very hard to know what they contain, how toxic they are, and what effects they can have on the body.
Drugs are essentially poisons. In addition to their physical effects, many drugs have another liability: they directly affect the mind. They can distort the user’s perception of what is happening around him or her. As a result, the person’s actions may be odd, irrational, inappropriate and even destructive.
Drugs block off all sensations, the desirable ones with the unwanted. So, while providing short-term help in the relief of pain, they also wipe out ability and alertness and muddy a person’s thinking.
Medicines are drugs that are intended to change something about the way your body is working to try to make it work better. Sometimes they are necessary, but they are still drugs: they act as stimulants or sedatives and too much can kill you. So if you do not use medicines as they are supposed to be used, they can be as dangerous as illegal drugs.
Why Do People Take Drugs?
People take drugs because they want to change something in their lives. Here are some of the reasons young people have given for taking drugs:
To fit in
To escape or relax
To relieve boredom
To seem grown up
To rebel
To experiment
They think drugs are a solution. But eventually, the drugs become the problem.
Difficult as it may be to face one’s problems, the consequences of drug use are always worse than the problem one is trying to solve with them. The real answer is to get the facts and not to take drugs in the first place.
Make Sure Others Get the Facts
These pages are based on one in a series of publications that cover the facts about marijuana, alcohol, synthetic drugs, Ecstasy, cocaine, crack cocaine, crystal meth and methamphetamine, LSD, inhalants, heroin, prescription drug abuse, painkillers and Ritalin abuse. Armed with the facts, you can make informed decisions about drugs.
Refer others to this website.
References
“DEA News: Huge Synthetic Drug Takedown,” Drug Enforcement Administration news release, May 7, 2014
Study by Recreational Drug European Network, 2013
“Global Synthetic Drugs Assessment,” UN Office on Drugs and Crime, 2014
“Acute Kidney Injury Associated with Synthetic Cannabinoid Use – Multiple States,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2012
“Lab Results Confirm CBP in Ohio Discover Synthetic Narcotics in Incense Packets,” U.S. Customs and Border Protection, Jan 14, 2009
“Comprehensive Drug Information on Synthetic Cannabinoids – ‘Spice’ and ‘K2’,” Hunterdown Drug Awareness Program, Jun 29, 2012
Study by The Scripps Research Institute, 2013
The DAWN Report, U.S. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Sep 17, 2013
“These Aren’t Your Grandma’s Bath Salts,” American College of Emergency Physicians, Mar 28, 2013
“The Toxicology of Bath Salts: A Review of Synthetic Cathinones,” Jane M. Prosser, Lewis S. Nelson, Journal of Medical Toxicology, March 2012
Synthetic Drug Abuse Prevention Act of 2012
“The Synthetic Drug Craze: What Chiefs Need to Know,” Emily K. Dye, The Police Chief, September 2013
“Teen Seizures and Deaths Linked to Dangerous Designer Drug ‘N-Bomb’ – Part 1,” Addiction Treatment Magazine, Apr 18, 2014. Other sources: U.S. National Institute on Drug Abuse and U.S. Office of National Drug Control Policy
* Cardiac arrest: a sudden, sometimes temporary, stopping of the heart.
* Motor skills: intentional movement of muscles to perform specific acts.